HTTP 429 rate limit errors on writes; low throughput <10k writes/s or <32MB/s per namespace; backpressure errors when unindexed_bytes exceeds 2GB; high write latency despite batching.

Turbopuffer uses object storage (high write latency ~200ms per operation) with WAL batching up to 1s and group commit to achieve high throughput. Per-namespace limits enforced: 1 batch/second, 10k writes/s or 32MB/s (observed higher in some cases). Exceeding triggers HTTP 429 rate limits or backpressure when unindexed data >2GB.